12.7. The SUNNonlinSol_Newton implementation
This section describes the SUNNonlinSol implementation of Newton’s method. To
access the SUNNonlinSol_Newton module, include the header file
sunnonlinsol/sunnonlinsol_newton.h
. We note that the SUNNonlinSol_Newton
module is accessible from SUNDIALS integrators without separately
linking to the libsundials_sunnonlinsolnewton
module library.
12.7.1. SUNNonlinSol_Newton description
To find the solution to
given an initial guess \(y^{(0)}\), Newton’s method computes a series of approximate solutions
where \(m\) is the Newton iteration index, and the Newton update \(\delta^{(m+1)}\) is the solution of the linear system
in which \(A\) is the Jacobian matrix
Depending on the linear solver used, the SUNNonlinSol_Newton module will employ either a Modified Newton method or an Inexact Newton method [10, 15, 31, 33, 61]. When used with a direct linear solver, the Jacobian matrix \(A\) is held constant during the Newton iteration, resulting in a Modified Newton method. With a matrix-free iterative linear solver, the iteration is an Inexact Newton method.
In both cases, calls to the integrator-supplied SUNNonlinSolLSetupFn
function are made infrequently to amortize the increased cost of
matrix operations (updating \(A\) and its factorization within direct
linear solvers, or updating the preconditioner within iterative linear
solvers). Specifically, SUNNonlinSol_Newton will call the
SUNNonlinSolLSetupFn
function in two instances:
when requested by the integrator (the input
callLSetSetup
isSUNTRUE
) before attempting the Newton iteration, orwhen reattempting the nonlinear solve after a recoverable failure occurs in the Newton iteration with stale Jacobian information (
jcur
isSUNFALSE
). In this case, SUNNonlinSol_Newton will setjbad
toSUNTRUE
before calling theSUNNonlinSolLSetupFn()
function.
Whether the Jacobian matrix \(A\) is fully or partially updated depends
on logic unique to each integrator-supplied SUNNonlinSolSetupFn
routine. We refer to the discussion of nonlinear solver strategies
provided in the package-specific Mathematics section of the documentation for details.
The default maximum number of iterations and the stopping criteria for
the Newton iteration are supplied by the SUNDIALS integrator when
SUNNonlinSol_Newton is attached to it. Both the maximum number of
iterations and the convergence test function may be modified by the
user by calling the SUNNonlinSolSetMaxIters()
and/or
SUNNonlinSolSetConvTestFn()
functions after attaching the
SUNNonlinSol_Newton object to the integrator.
12.7.2. SUNNonlinSol_Newton functions
The SUNNonlinSol_Newton module provides the following constructor
for creating the SUNNonlinearSolver
object.
-
SUNNonlinearSolver SUNNonlinSol_Newton(N_Vector y, SUNContext sunctx)
This creates a
SUNNonlinearSolver
object for use with SUNDIALS integrators to solve nonlinear systems of the form \(F(y) = 0\) using Newton’s method.- Arguments:
y – a template for cloning vectors needed within the solver.
sunctx – the
SUNContext
object (see §2.1)
- Return value:
A SUNNonlinSol object if the constructor exits successfully, otherwise it will be
NULL
.
The SUNNonlinSol_Newton module implements all of the functions
defined in §12.1.1–§12.1.3
except for SUNNonlinSolSetup()
. The SUNNonlinSol_Newton functions
have the same names as those defined by the generic SUNNonlinSol API with
_Newton
appended to the function name. Unless using the SUNNonlinSol_Newton
module as a standalone nonlinear solver the generic functions defined
in §12.1.1–§12.1.3
should be called in favor of the SUNNonlinSol_Newton-specific implementations.
The SUNNonlinSol_Newton module also defines the following user-callable function.
-
int SUNNonlinSolGetSysFn_Newton(SUNNonlinearSolver NLS, SUNNonlinSolSysFn *SysFn)
This returns the residual function that defines the nonlinear system.
- Arguments:
NLS – a SUNNonlinSol object.
SysFn – the function defining the nonlinear system.
- Return value:
The return value should be zero for a successful call, and a negative value for a failure.
- Notes:
This function is intended for users that wish to evaluate the nonlinear residual in a custom convergence test function for the SUNNonlinSol_Newton module. We note that SUNNonlinSol_Newton will not leverage the results from any user calls to SysFn.
-
int SUNNonlinSolSetInfoFile_Newton(SUNNonlinearSolver NLS, FILE *info_file)
This sets the output file where all informative (non-error) messages should be directed.
- Arguments:
NLS – a SUNNonlinSol object.
- info_file – pointer to output file (
stdout
by default); a
NULL
input will disable output.
- info_file – pointer to output file (
- Return value:
SUN_NLS_SUCCESS
if successful.SUN_NLS_MEM_NULL
if the SUNNonlinSol memory wasNULL
.SUN_NLS_ILL_INPUT
if SUNDIALS was not built with monitoring enabled.
- Notes:
This function is intended for users that wish to monitor the nonlinear solver progress. By default, the file pointer is set to
stdout
.
Warning
SUNDIALS must be built with the CMake option
SUNDIALS_LOGGING_LEVEL >= 3
to utilize this function. See §14.1.2 for more information.Deprecated since version 6.2.0: Use
SUNLogger_SetInfoFilename()
instead.
-
int SUNNonlinSolSetPrintLevel_Newton(SUNNonlinearSolver NLS, int print_level)
This specifies the level of verbosity of the output.
- Arguments:
NLS – a SUNNonlinSol object.
print_level – flag indicating level of verbosity; must be one of:
0, no information is printed (default).
1, for each nonlinear iteration the residual norm is printed.
- Return value:
SUN_NLS_SUCCESS
if successful.SUN_NLS_MEM_NULL
if the SUNNonlinearSolver memory wasNULL
.SUN_NLS_ILL_INPUT
if SUNDIALS was not built with monitoring enabled, or the print level value was invalid.
- Notes:
This function is intended for users that wish to monitor the nonlinear solver progress. By default, the print level is 0.
Warning
SUNDIALS must be built with the CMake option
SUNDIALS_BUILD_WITH_MONITORING
to utilize this function. See §14.1.2 for more information.Deprecated since version 6.2.0: Use
SUNLogger_SetInfoFilename()
instead.
12.7.3. SUNNonlinSol_Newton content
The content field of the SUNNonlinSol_Newton module is the following structure.
struct _SUNNonlinearSolverContent_Newton {
SUNNonlinSolSysFn Sys;
SUNNonlinSolLSetupFn LSetup;
SUNNonlinSolLSolveFn LSolve;
SUNNonlinSolConvTestFn CTest;
N_Vector delta;
booleantype jcur;
int curiter;
int maxiters;
long int niters;
long int nconvfails;
void* ctest_data;
int print_level;
FILE* info_file;
};
These entries of the content field contain the following information:
Sys
– the function for evaluating the nonlinear system,LSetup
– the package-supplied function for setting up the linear solver,LSolve
– the package-supplied function for performing a linear solve,CTest
– the function for checking convergence of the Newton iteration,delta
– the Newton iteration update vector,jcur
– the Jacobian status (SUNTRUE
= current,SUNFALSE
= stale),curiter
– the current number of iterations in the solve attempt,maxiters
– the maximum number of Newton iterations allowed in a solve,niters
– the total number of nonlinear iterations across all solves,nconvfails
– the total number of nonlinear convergence failures across all solves,ctest_data
– the data pointer passed to the convergence test function,print_level
- controls the amount of information to be printed to the info file,info_file
- the file where all informative (non-error) messages will be directed.
12.8. The SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint implementation
This section describes the SUNNonlinSol implementation of a fixed point
(functional) iteration with optional Anderson acceleration. To access the
SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint module, include the header file
sunnonlinsol/sunnonlinsol_fixedpoint.h
. We note that the
SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint module is accessible from SUNDIALS integrators
without separately linking to the
libsundials_sunnonlinsolfixedpoint
module library.
12.8.1. SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint description
To find the solution to
given an initial guess \(y^{(0)}\), the fixed point iteration computes a series of approximate solutions
where \(n\) is the iteration index. The convergence of this iteration may be accelerated using Anderson’s method [2, 39, 70, 94]. With Anderson acceleration using subspace size \(m\), the series of approximate solutions can be formulated as the linear combination
where \(m_n = \min{\{m,n\}}\) and the factors
solve the minimization problem \(\min\limits_\alpha \| F_n \alpha^T \|_2\) under the constraint that \(\sum\limits_{i=0}^{m_n} \alpha_i = 1\) where
with \(f_i = G(y^{(i)}) - y^{(i)}\). Due to this constraint, in the limit of \(m=0\) the accelerated fixed point iteration formula (12.14) simplifies to the standard fixed point iteration (12.13).
Following the recommendations made in [94], the SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint implementation computes the series of approximate solutions as
with \(\Delta g_i = G(y^{(i+1)}) - G(y^{(i)})\) and where the factors
solve the unconstrained minimization problem \(\min\limits_\gamma \| f_n - \Delta F_n \gamma^T \|_2\) where
with \(\Delta f_i = f_{i+1} - f_i\). The least-squares problem is solved by applying a QR factorization to \(\Delta F_n = Q_n R_n\) and solving \(R_n \gamma = Q_n^T f_n\).
The acceleration subspace size \(m\) is required when constructing
the SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint object. The default maximum number of
iterations and the stopping criteria for the fixed point iteration are
supplied by the SUNDIALS integrator when SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint
is attached to it. Both the maximum number of iterations and the
convergence test function may be modified by the user by calling
SUNNonlinSolSetMaxIters()
and
SUNNonlinSolSetConvTestFn()
after attaching the
SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint object to the integrator.
12.8.2. SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint functions
The SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint module provides the following constructor
for creating the SUNNonlinearSolver
object.
-
SUNNonlinearSolver SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint(N_Vector y, int m, SUNContext sunctx)
This creates a
SUNNonlinearSolver
object for use with SUNDIALS integrators to solve nonlinear systems of the form \(G(y) = y\).- Arguments:
y – a template for cloning vectors needed within the solver.
m – the number of acceleration vectors to use.
sunctx – the
SUNContext
object (see §2.1)
- Return value:
A SUNNonlinSol object if the constructor exits successfully, otherwise it will be
NULL
.
Since the accelerated fixed point iteration
(12.13) does not require the setup or solution
of any linear systems, the SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint module implements
all of the functions defined in
§12.1.1–§12.1.3
except for the SUNNonlinSolSetup()
,
SUNNonlinSolSetLSetupFn()
, and SUNNonlinSolSetLSolveFn()
functions, that are set to NULL
. The SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint
functions have the same names as those defined by the generic
SUNNonlinSol API with _FixedPoint
appended to the function name.
Unless using the SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint module as a standalone
nonlinear solver the generic functions defined in
§12.1.1–§12.1.3
should be called in favor of the SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint-specific
implementations.
The SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint module also defines the following user-callable functions.
-
int SUNNonlinSolGetSysFn_FixedPoint(SUNNonlinearSolver NLS, SUNNonlinSolSysFn *SysFn)
This returns the fixed-point function that defines the nonlinear system.
- Arguments:
NLS – a SUNNonlinSol object.
SysFn – the function defining the nonlinear system.
- Return value:
The return value is zero for a successful call, and a negative value for a failure.
- Notes:
This function is intended for users that wish to evaluate the fixed-point function in a custom convergence test function for the SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint module. We note that SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint will not leverage the results from any user calls to SysFn.
-
int SUNNonlinSolSetDamping_FixedPoint(SUNNonlinearSolver NLS, realtype beta)
This sets the damping parameter \(\beta\) to use with Anderson acceleration. By default damping is disabled i.e., \(\beta = 1.0\).
- Arguments:
NLS – a SUNNonlinSol object.
beta – the damping parameter \(0 < \beta \leq 1\).
- Return value:
SUN_NLS_SUCCESS
if successful.SUN_NLS_MEM_NULL
ifNLS
wasNULL
.SUN_NLS_ILL_INPUT
ifbeta
was negative.
- Notes:
A
beta
value should satisfy \(0 < \beta < 1\) if damping is to be used. A value of one or more will disable damping.
-
int SUNNonlinSolSetInfoFile_FixedPoint(SUNNonlinearSolver NLS, FILE *info_file)
Thissets the output file where all informative (non-error) messages should be directed.
- Arguments:
NLS – a SUNNonlinSol object.
- info_file – pointer to output file (
stdout
by default); a
NULL
input will disable output.
- info_file – pointer to output file (
- Return value:
SUN_NLS_SUCCESS
if successful.SUN_NLS_MEM_NULL
ifNLS
wasNULL
.SUN_NLS_ILL_INPUT
if SUNDIALS was not built with monitoring enabled.
- Notes:
This function is intended for users that wish to monitor the nonlinear solver progress. By default, the file pointer is set to
stdout
.
Warning
SUNDIALS must be built with the CMake option
SUNDIALS_LOGGING_LEVEL >= 3
to utilize this function. See §14.1.2 for more information.Deprecated since version 6.2.0: Use
SUNLogger_SetInfoFilename()
instead.
-
int SUNNonlinSolSetPrintLevel_FixedPoint(SUNNonlinearSolver NLS, int print_level)
This specifies the level of verbosity of the output.
- Arguments:
NLS – a SUNNonlinSol object.
print_level – flag indicating level of verbosity; must be one of:
0, no information is printed (default).
1, for each nonlinear iteration the residual norm is printed.
- Return value:
SUN_NLS_SUCCESS
if successful.SUN_NLS_MEM_NULL
ifNLS
wasNULL
.SUN_NLS_ILL_INPUT
if SUNDIALS was not built with monitoring enabled, or the print level value was invalid.
- Notes:
This function is intended for users that wish to monitor the nonlinear solver progress. By default, the print level is 0.
Warning
SUNDIALS must be built with the CMake option
SUNDIALS_BUILD_WITH_MONITORING
to utilize this function. See §14.1.2 for more information.Deprecated since version 6.2.0: Use
SUNLogger_SetInfoFilename()
instead.
12.8.3. SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint content
The content field of the SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint module is the following structure.
struct _SUNNonlinearSolverContent_FixedPoint {
SUNNonlinSolSysFn Sys;
SUNNonlinSolConvTestFn CTest;
int m;
int *imap;
realtype *R;
booleantype damping
realtype beta
realtype *gamma;
realtype *cvals;
N_Vector *df;
N_Vector *dg;
N_Vector *q;
N_Vector *Xvecs;
N_Vector yprev;
N_Vector gy;
N_Vector fold;
N_Vector gold;
N_Vector delta;
int curiter;
int maxiters;
long int niters;
long int nconvfails;
void *ctest_data;
int print_level;
FILE* info_file;
};
The following entries of the content field are always allocated:
Sys
– function for evaluating the nonlinear system,CTest
– function for checking convergence of the fixed point iteration,yprev
–N_Vector
used to store previous fixed-point iterate,gy
–N_Vector
used to store \(G(y)\) in fixed-point algorithm,delta
–N_Vector
used to store difference between successive fixed-point iterates,curiter
– the current number of iterations in the solve attempt,maxiters
– the maximum number of fixed-point iterations allowed in a solve,niters
– the total number of nonlinear iterations across all solves,nconvfails
– the total number of nonlinear convergence failures across all solves,ctest_data
– the data pointer passed to the convergence test function,m
– number of acceleration vectors,print_level
- controls the amount of information to be printed to the info file, andinfo_file
- the file where all informative (non-error) messages will be directed.
If Anderson acceleration is requested (i.e., \(m>0\) in the call
to SUNNonlinSol_FixedPoint()
), then the following items are also
allocated within the content field:
imap
– index array used in acceleration algorithm (lengthm
),damping
– a flag indicating if damping is enabled,beta
– the damping parameter,R
– small matrix used in acceleration algorithm (lengthm*m
),gamma
– small vector used in acceleration algorithm (lengthm
),cvals
– small vector used in acceleration algorithm (lengthm+1
),df
– array ofN_Vectors
used in acceleration algorithm (lengthm
),dg
– array ofN_Vectors
used in acceleration algorithm (lengthm
),q
– array ofN_Vectors
used in acceleration algorithm (lengthm
),Xvecs
–N_Vector
pointer array used in acceleration algorithm (lengthm+1
),fold
–N_Vector
used in acceleration algorithm, andgold
–N_Vector
used in acceleration algorithm.
12.9. The SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES implementation
This section describes the SUNNonlinSol interface to the
PETSc SNES nonlinear solver(s).
To enable the SUNonlinSol_PetscSNES module, SUNDIALS must be
configured to use PETSc. Instructions on how to do this are given in
§14.1.4.5. To access the
SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES module, include the header file
sunnonlinsol/sunnonlinsol_petscsnes.h
. The library to link to is
libsundials_sunnonlinsolpetsc.lib
where .lib
is typically .so
for
shared libaries and .a
for static libraries. Users of the
SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES module should also see §9.14
which discusses the NVECTOR interface to the PETSc Vec
API.
12.9.1. SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES description
The SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES implementation allows users to utilize a PETSc SNES nonlinear solver to solve the nonlinear systems that arise in the SUNDIALS integrators. Since SNES uses the KSP linear solver interface underneath it, the SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES implementation does not interface with SUNDIALS linear solvers. Instead, users should set nonlinear solver options, linear solver options, and preconditioner options through the PETSc SNES, KSP, and PC APIs.
Important usage notes for the SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES implementation:
The SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES implementation handles calling
SNESSetFunction
at construction. The actual residual function \(F(y)\) is set by the SUNDIALS integrator when the SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES object is attached to it. Therefore, a user should not callSNESSetFunction
on aSNES
object that is being used with SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES. For these reasons it is recommended, although not always necessary, that the user callsSUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES()
with the newSNES
object immediately after callingSNESCreate
.The number of nonlinear iterations is tracked by SUNDIALS separately from the count kept by SNES. As such, the function
SUNNonlinSolGetNumIters()
reports the cumulative number of iterations across the lifetime of theSUNNonlinearSolver
object.Some “converged” and “diverged” convergence reasons returned by SNES are treated as recoverable convergence failures by SUNDIALS. Therefore, the count of convergence failures returned by
SUNNonlinSolGetNumConvFails()
will reflect the number of recoverable convergence failures as determined by SUNDIALS, and may differ from the count returned bySNESGetNonlinearStepFailures
.The SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES module is not currently compatible with the CVODES or IDAS staggered or simultaneous sensitivity strategies.
12.9.2. SUNNonlinearSolver_PetscSNES functions
The SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES module provides the following constructor
for creating a SUNNonlinearSolver
object.
-
SUNNonlinearSolver SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES(N_Vector y, SNES snes, SUNContext sunctx)
This creates a SUNNonlinSol object that wraps a PETSc
SNES
object for use with SUNDIALS. This will callSNESSetFunction
on the providedSNES
object.- Arguments:
snes – a PETSc
SNES
object.y – a
N_Vector
object of type NVECTOR_PETSC that is used as a template for the residual vector.sunctx – the
SUNContext
object (see §2.1)
- Return value:
A SUNNonlinSol object if the constructor exits successfully, otherwise it will be
NULL
.
Warning
This function calls
SNESSetFunction
and will overwrite whatever function was previously set. Users should not callSNESSetFunction
on theSNES
object provided to the constructor.
The SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES module implements all of the functions defined in
§12.1.1–§12.1.3 except for
SUNNonlinSolSetup()
, SUNNonlinSolSetLSetupFn()
,
SUNNonlinSolSetLSolveFn()
, SUNNonlinSolSetConvTestFn()
, and
SUNNonlinSolSetMaxIters()
.
The SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES functions have the same names as those defined by
the generic SUNNonlinSol API with _PetscSNES
appended to the
function name. Unless using the SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES module as a
standalone nonlinear solver the generic functions defined in
§12.1.1–§12.1.3 should
be called in favor of the SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES specific implementations.
The SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES module also defines the following user-callable functions.
-
int SUNNonlinSolGetSNES_PetscSNES(SUNNonlinearSolver NLS, SNES *snes)
This gets the
SNES
object that was wrapped.- Arguments:
NLS – a SUNNonlinSol object.
snes – a pointer to a PETSc
SNES
object that will be set upon return.
- Return value:
The return value (of type
int
) should be zero for a successful call, and a negative value for a failure.
-
int SUNNonlinSolGetPetscError_PetscSNES(SUNNonlinearSolver NLS, PestcErrorCode *error)
This gets the last error code returned by the last internal call to a PETSc API function.
- Arguments:
NLS – a SUNNonlinSol object.
error – a pointer to a PETSc error integer that will be set upon return.
- Return value:
The return value (of type
int
) should be zero for a successful call, and a negative value for a failure.
-
int SUNNonlinSolGetSysFn_PetscSNES(SUNNonlinearSolver NLS, SUNNonlinSolSysFn *SysFn)
This returns the residual function that defines the nonlinear system.
- Arguments:
NLS – a SUNNonlinSol object.
SysFn – the function defining the nonlinear system.
- Return value:
The return value (of type
int
) should be zero for a successful call, and a negative value for a failure.
12.9.3. SUNNonlinearSolver_PetscSNES content
The content field of the SUNNonlinSol_PetscSNES module is the following structure.
struct _SUNNonlinearSolverContent_PetscSNES {
int sysfn_last_err;
PetscErrorCode petsc_last_err;
long int nconvfails;
long int nni;
void *imem;
SNES snes;
Vec r;
N_Vector y, f;
SUNNonlinSolSysFn Sys;
};
These entries of the content field contain the following information:
sysfn_last_err
– last error returned by the system defining function,petsc_last_err
– last error returned by PETSc,nconvfails
– number of nonlinear converge failures (recoverable or not),nni
– number of nonlinear iterations,imem
– SUNDIALS integrator memory,snes
– PETScSNES
object,r
– the nonlinear residual,y
– wrapper for PETSc vectors used in the system function,f
– wrapper for PETSc vectors used in the system function,Sys
– nonlinear system definining function.